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How to Prepare Science and Technology Subject?

Science and Technology

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Science and Technology Module Preparation Plan for UPSC

Sr. Chapter Topics
Lecture 01 Basic Biology
  • Chemical building blocks of life
  • History/Origin of Life
  • Classification/Domain of Life
  • Viruses/ Prokaryotes/ Eukaryotes/ Protists/ Plants/ Fungi
  • Human evolution
  • Genetics and Inheritance
  • DNA and RNA
  • Gene expression/ Gene regulation
  • Cells/ Mutation
  • Cell biology/ structure/ functions/ types/Membranes
  • Kingdoms & classification
  • Plant & Animal cell
  • Stem cell
  • Tissues/ Epithelial tissue/ Connective tissue/ Muscle tissue
Lecture 02 Human Reproduction
  • Basics of HR/ Types
  • Chromosomes
  • Cell divisions
  • Fertilisation in Human/ related technologies(IVF, Surrogacy, cloning), issues, challenges and solutions
  • MRT- method one/two
  • Human genome project
  • Indigen project
  • Latest current affairs/ updates
Lecture 03 Organ system and Human physiology (1)
  • Endocrine system
  • Respiratory system
  • Circulatory system
  • Skeletal & muscular system
  • Digestive system
  • Immune system
  • Excretion/ Osmoregulation and Thermoregulation
  • Digestive system
Lecture 04 Organ system and Human physiology (2)
  • Nutrition – Plant/ Animal
  • Human Heart/ Brain/ Eyes
  • Blood circulation- composition/ groups
  • HAART
  • Major diseases
  • Common diseases
Lecture 05 Animal and Plant Structures
  • Basic principles and application
  • Plant physiology
  • Photosynthesis/ respiration
  • Plant-water balance
  • Reproduction
  • Economic zoology
  • Microbes in Human Welfare
  • Beneficial animals/ insects
  • Economic botany
  • Family of angiosperms
  • Tissue culture
  • Grafting
Lecture 06 Biotechnology (1)
  • Basic principles and application
  • DNA
  • Genetic engineering/ GMO
  • Hybridization
  • RNAi/ RNA
  • Horticulture
  • Transgenic crops
  • Advancement in biotechnology
  • Ethical use/ concerns/ needs of biotechnology
  • Green biotechnology
Lecture 07 Biotechnology (2)
  • Red biotechnology
  • DNA fingerprinting
  • Gene therapy/ Gene doping
  • R-DNA technology
  • Xenotransplantation
  • Immunity- active/passive
  • Dementia/ Alzheimer
  • Disease in News (Current affairs)
Lecture 08 Biotechnology (3)
  • Vaccines/ Medicines (common/ major/ latest current affairs)
  • Antibiotics
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Microscopic technique
  • Imaging techniques
  • CT scan/ MRI
  • Positron emission tomography
  • Biological fuel generation
  • Biofuels from biomass/ biodiesel
  • Natural gas/ Hydrogen/ Petroleum
Lecture 09 Chemistry
  • Elements and molecules
  • States of Matters
  • Atomic structure
  • Chemical bonding
  • Metals and non-metals
  • Metallurgy
  • Acid, base and salt
  • Applications of electrochemistry (Battery and Charging devices)
  • Properties of solution
  • Chemicals in everyday life
  • Polymers and Biopolymers
  • Chemistry of Pharmaceuticals
  • Carbon and its allotropes
  • Hydrocarbons and their derivatives
  • Biomolecules
  • Vitamins and Enzymes
  • Nano mission/ carbon nanotube
  • Nano-ethics
Lecture 10 Physics
  • Properties of fundamental particles
  • Fundamental forces
  • Energy and its various types
  • Optics
  • Electromagnetic spectrum
  • Laws and theories in physics, Relativity
  • Electromagnetism
  • Heat and thermodynamics
  • Waves
  • Mechanical
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Universe
  • Planets, stars, and galaxies
  • Big-bang theory and singularity
  • Dark matter and energy
  • Black holes
  • Neutrino Observatory
  • Gravitational Waves
Lecture 11 Physics
  • Sunspot
  • Magnetars and Neutron stars
  • Sub-atomic particles
  • Force/Torque
  • Laws of motion
  • Gravitation
  • Fluid mechanics
  • Higgs boson
  • Dark energy/ matter
  • Antimatter
  • Ghost particles
  • Black holes
  • Neutrinao
  • Fermion
  • Meson
  • Quarks
Lecture 12 Space
  • ISRO/ NASA/ ESA/ ROSCOSMOS/ JAXA/ CNSA
  • Orbit/ Satellites - types
  • Lagrange points
  • GTO
  • Earth satellites
  • IRS System
  • Launch vehicles
  • Space missions
  • Private sector in space
  • PPP in space
  • IN-Space/ ANTRIX
Lecture 13 Space technology (1)
  • Types of satellite launch vehicles
  • Types of engines
  • Recent/ Upcoming project in India
  • Nano-satellite
  • Electric propulsion
  • Aviation Internet/ Starlink
  • Remote sensing & its application
  • Green propellant
Lecture 14 Space technology (2)
  • Deep space atomic clock
  • Space weapons
  • ASAT technology
  • Laser technology
  • HGV technology
  • International space collaboration
  • Various telemetry
  • Navigation/ GPS/ GLONASS
Lecture 15 Defence technology
  • Introduction/ DRDO
  • Defence technology
  • Missile defence programmes
  • Air defence system
  • Indian Navy
  • UAV/ Drone
  • Weapons- chemical/ biological
  • Stealth technology
  • Tanks
  • Combat aircraf
  • 3D printing missiles
  • Lethal autonomous weapons
  • Hypersonic technology/ glide vehicles/ cruise missiles
Lecture 16, 17, 18 Electronics & Telecommunication
  • History & evolution of ICT
  • Computers- generations/ terminologies
  • Supercomputer and its applications
  • Cloud/ Quantum computing
  • Antivirus/ Network
  • Information technology
  • Components of IT
  • IT-enabled services
  • Application of IT
  • Display technologies
  • Cathode ray
  • LCD
  • LED
  • Plasma Monitors
  • OLED
  • AMOLED
  • Mobile generations
  • Smartphone
  • Net Neutrality
  • Internet of Things
  • Big Data Initiative and Privacy
  • Cyber-crime and security
  • Government initiatives
  • Metaverse
  • Internet of things
  • Edge/ fog computing
  • Data mining
  • Big data
  • 3G/4G/5G/6G/10G technology
  • Mobile technologies and generations
  • Beamforming
  • Blockchain
  • Net neutrality
  • Crypto-currency/ Digital currency
  • Wearable technology
  • NFC/ RFID
  • Augmented reality
  • Virtual reality
  • Deepfakes
  • Li-Fi
  • Facial recognition technology
  • Digital signature certificate
  • 3D printing/ 3D bioprinting
Lecture 19 Nuclear Technology
  • India based neutrino observatory
  • Research reactors such as APSARA, DHRUV, CIRUS, PURNIMA
  • Various deals with other countries, ex-INDO USA 123 agreement
  • ITER (International Thermo nuclear Energy Experiment Reactor)
  • India based neutrino observatories (INO)
  • Nuclear power production
  • 3 stage nuclear programme by Homi Jahangir Bhabha
  • Atomic detonation
  • Nuclear waste management
Lecture 20 Other sources of energy
  • Solar energy
  • Hydro
  • Thermo
  • Biofuels
  • Geothermal
  • Energy security
  • State electricity board
  • Renewable purchase obligations
  • DISCOM
  • Net metering
Lecture 21 Nanoscience & Nanotechnologies
  • Basics of Nan science and Nanotechnology
  • Nanomaterial
  • Applications of nanotechnology
  • Nano medicine
  • Semiconductors and computing
  • Food
  • Textiles
  • Sustainable energy
  • Environment
  • Transport
  • Space
  • Agriculture
  • Impacts of Nanotechnology
  • Adverse Health and Environmental
  • Social and Ethical Impacts
  • Nano-science and nanotechnology in India
Lecture 22 Robotics & AI
  • Machine vs Computer vs Robots
  • Parts of a Robot
  • Classification of Robots
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Robot
  • Applications of Robotics in Agriculture, industry, defence, etc.
  • AI
  • Neural networks
  • Machine Learning and Deep learning
  • Application of AI
  • Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Lecture 23 IPR, Institutions & Policy
  • Historical background
  • Intellectual property rights
  • Types
  • International agreements
  • Institutions on IPR
  • IPR regime in India
  • National Intellectual Property rights policy
  • Patent
  • Compulsory licensing
  • Industrial design
  • Copyrights
  • National IPR Policy
  • India’s policy in the fi eld of the science and technology
  • Various policies for S&T
  • Institutional structure
  • Department of Science & Technology
  • CSIR
  • Science and Engineering Research Board
  • Technology Development Board
  • National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
Lecture 24 Recent developments
  • Latest Current Affairs

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