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INDIAN NAVY
Submarines
Nuclear-powered
• Draws electricity from a nuclear reactor, allowing it to remain underwater for months.
• Difficult for enemies to detect.
• Can float in enemy nations’ territorial waters.
• Offer outstanding second-strike capability.
• SSN: nuclear-powered submersible ship developed particularly to attack and sink other submarines/ships. In general, avoid carrying long-range missiles.
In-Service Submarines
• SSBN: Submersible Ship Ballistic Nuclear-Powered-capable of deploying nuclear-armed ballistic missiles launched from submarines.
Diesel-powered
• Come on the waterbody surface at regular intervals since the combustion of diesel requires oxygen.
• Detectable by enemies
• Unsuitable for navigating near enemy territorial seas.
Attack Submarines
• Small submarines are specialized for specific objectives, such as attacking the enemy in warfare.
• It employs torpedoes and short-range missiles.
• These types of submarines have a limited range and must return to the surface after a period of time.
Ballistic Missile Submarines
• Larger in size and more devastating for the enemy.
• It serves as a launch platform for missiles with long- range capabilities.
• These can carry nuclear weapons.
• These are nuclear-powered submarines. As a result of the endless power supply, they have a nearly limitless range.
• These can stay submerged for months and travel up to thousands of miles.
| Class | Type | Boats | Origin |
| Nuclear-powered submarines (3) | |||
| Chakra (Akula II) class | Attack submarine (SSN) | INS Chakra | Russia |
| Arihant class | Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) | INS Arihant INS Aridhaman INS Arisudan by 2027 INS Arighat | India |
| Diesel-electric submarines (14) | |||
| Shishumar class | Attack submarine | INS Shishumar INS Shankush INS Shalki INS Shankul | West Germany India |
| Kalvari class | Attack submarine | INS Kalvari INS Khanderi | France India |
| Sindhughosh class | Attack submarine | INS Sindhughosh INS Sindhudhvaj INS Sindhuraj INS Sindhuratna INS Sindhukesari INS Sindhukirti INS Sindhuvijay INS Sindhurashtra | Russia |
Projects of Indian Navy
PROJECT 75
• Part of a 30-year submarine construction plan from 2007 to 2030.
• The project aims to build six conventional submarines with improved sensors and weaponry, as well as an Air Independent Propulsion System (AIP): Kalvari,
Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir, and Vagsheer.
PROJECT-75I
• Development of six highly advanced conventional submarines with the help of Germany to strengthen naval submarine fleet of Indian Navy.
• These submarines will be constructed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems in collaboration with Mazagon Dock limited.
• The submarines will be fitted with advance air independent propulsion system
PROJECT 28
Four anti-submarine warships must be built in India.
• Four corvettes namely INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kiltan, and INS Kavaratti.
• The Lakshadweep archipelago’s islands are the basis for the names of the warships.
PROJECT 17A
• entails constructing seven stealth frigates.
Initiatives To Modernize Defence Industry
Strategic Partnership (SP) Model
This Defence knowledge Model specifies a few Indian private enterprises that will initially collaborate with global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to seek knowledge transfers to establish domestic manufacturing infrastructure and supply chains.
iDEX
• It was launched in 2018.
• The Defence Technology Initiative supports innovation and technology development in defense and aerospace by providing funding and support to industries such as MSMEs, start-ups, entrepreneurs, R&D institutes, and
academics.
•
The Defence Innovation Organization (DIO) will fund and oversee the initiative, serving as its executive arm.
Defence Indigenisation
• Increasing the sectoral cap for FDI (automatic approval) from 49% to 74%.
• The Indian Armed Force will only purchase 101 defense equipment products from indigenous manufacturers due to a negative import list.
• Corporatizing the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) and defense industrial corridors in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
• The SRIJAN portal is a one-stop shop for domestic sellers, providing information on items for indigenization in the private sector.
• The Defence Minister of India created the Naval Innovation and Indigenization Organization (NIIO).
• The objective is to promote innovation and indigenization for self-reliance in defense, along with the vision of Atma Nirbhar Bharat.
• Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti aims to foster innovation and technological development, as well as create and commercialize intellectual property in the field.
Defence Corridors
• It suggested to divide Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh into two defense corridors.
• The term “defense corridors” in defense technology refers to a road or route that local defense equipment manufacture by the public and private sectors takes to improve defense capability.
New Defence Acquisition Procedure of 2020 (DAP 2020)
• DAP 2020 governs the procurement of defence equipment from the capital budget.
• It replaced the 2016 Defense Procurement Procedure.
• Category Reserving for Indian Vendors: Certain categories, such as Production Agency in Design & Development and Buy (Indian Indigenously Designed
Developed and Manufactured - IDDM), are only available to Indian vendors.
• Overall Higher Requirement for Indigenous Content
| Category | DPP 2016 | DAP 2020 |
| Buy (Indian-DMM) | Minimum 40% | Minimum 50% |
| Buy (Indian) | Minimum 40% | Indigenous Design – Minimum 50% otherwise – Minimum 60% |
| Buy and Make (Indian) | Minimum 50% of Make | Minimum 50% of Make |
| Buy (Global – Manufacture in India) | category doesn not exist | Minimum 50% of Buy plus Make |
| Buy (Global) | category does not exist | Minimum 30% for Indian Vendors |
• Indigenous content will be calculated based on the ‘Base Contract Price’, which is the whole contract price minus taxes and tariffs.
• Import embargo list
• The government has chosen not to include an offset clause in defence equipment procurement through inter- government agreements (IGAs) with a single vendor.
• A new acquisition category, leasing, was added to the existing ‘Buy’ and ‘Make’ categories. This allows for recurring rental payments rather than large capital investments.