Other Generation Mobile Technologies

OTHER GENERATION MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

• 2G: The 2G era started in the 1990s and much of this technology is still in effect today. The 2G cell phone features digital voice encoding. Examples include CDMA and GSM.

• 3G : 3G wireless networks make use of technologies like

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);

• Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE);

• UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access.

• The maximum theoretical speed of data transfer for 3G technology is only 7.2 Mbps.

• GPRS: GPRS is a packet-based wireless communication technology that offers users of computers and mobile phones data rates ranging from 56 to 114 Kbps and a constant Internet connection. Higher data rates will enable users to use notebook computers and mobile portable devices for video conferences, as well as to interact with multimedia websites and related applications.

• GSM: GSM, a TDMA-based wireless network technology, is used to identify a user's account. GSM networks in

India use the 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands for operation.

CDMA: The spread-spectrum digital cellular technology is used in Code-Division Multiple Access. In contrast to rival TDMA systems like GSM, CDMA it does not allot a particular frequency to every customer. Rather, each channel makes use of the entire spectrum. Digital sequences that are pseudo-random are used to encode individual conversations.

Direct-2-Mobile: This technology enables mobile phones to receive terrestrial digital TV and is based on the convergence of broadcast and broadband.

• It would be comparable to how people listen to FM radio on their phones, where radio frequencies are picked up by a receiver inside the phone.

• Multimedia content can also be broadcast straight to phones via D2M.

• The technology’s concept is that it might be used to directly broadcast content that is citizen-centric and that can also be utilized, among other things, to provide support in crisis management, issue emergency alerts, and combat fake news.

• Live sports, news and other content can be aired on mobile devices using it.

• VoIP phones: VoIP technology allows customers to place phone calls using a broadband Internet connection rather than a traditional landline. VoIP technology changes the voice signal from analog phone lines to a digital signal that may be sent over the Internet in place of traditional phone lines.

VoLTE vs VoWiFi vs VoNR

• WiFi calling, also known as Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi), is an IP technology that connects your mobile device to a local WiFi network in order to create a connection with an ePDG (Evolved Packet Data Gateway), a mobile network entity. ePDG ensures safe communication by collaborating with IMS and the mobile core network.

• VoNR, or voice over new radio, is a packet-switched IP technology that operates on the condition that your smartphone is linked to a gNodeB, a 5G radio base station. VoNR needs a 5G mobile core network that is compatible with the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), another network entity.

• VoLTE, or voice over LTE, is a packet-switched IP technology that needs an eNodeB, or 4G radio base station, to be linked to your smartphone in order to function. In order for VoLTE to function, the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) must be able to communicate with the Evolutionary Packet Core (EPC), the 4G LTE mobile core network.

Future of Cell phone Technology

• Foldable phone designs, holographic projections,

sophisticated AI integration, chatty speech features and improved spam blocking are all expected characteristics of future smartphones.

• Future developments include wireless charging, novel materials and immersive experiences through augmented reality, sharper screens, and intelligent digital assistants.

• 5G and 6G connectivity will further speed up data transfer.