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Portugal and Brazil
The Enlightenment in Portugal (Iluminismo) was strongly shaped by the leadership of Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal during the reign of King Joseph I, from 1756 to 1777.
Pombal’s reconstruction of Lisbon’s riverside district (the Lisbon Baixa), with its straight, perpendicular streets organized by function—each street designated for a specific product or service—reflected a practical application of Enlightenment principles to governance and urban planning.
His urban planning approach, which also represented the first large-scale example of earthquake-resistant engineering, came to be known as the Pombaline style and was implemented across the kingdom during his tenure.